Reversibility of historical and future climate change with a complex earth system model

The reversibility of a wide range components the earth system was investigated by comparing forward and time-reversed historical future simulations coupled model known as Beijing Normal University model. Many characteristics climate system, including surface temperature, ocean heat content (OHC), convective precipitation, total runoff, ground evaporation, soil moisture, sea ice extent, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, did not fully return to their initial values when or natural anthropogenic forcing agents were reversed. temperature OHC declines lagged behind decline in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Reverses other variables occurred direct response GHGs. level increased, even after all forces returned original values. Furthermore, most because thermal inertial. end states variables, than those related storage, mainly depended on state forces, unaffected growth rate policy implication this study is that change cannot be completely reversed if external are